During this presentation, Sarah will describe finds from her dissertation, which is focused on the developmental experiences of adult children of exotic dancers - a previously unexplored population. Research to date provides insight into a plethora of risks associated with working as an exotic dancer (e.g., drug and alcohol abuse, sexual assault); however, gaps in the literature remain. Specifically, there is a void regarding the intergenerational impacts on children whose mothers are employed as exotic dancers. The available literature suggests that they are exposed, both directly (e.g., unstable housing, low SES) and indirectly (e.g., witnesses to domestic violence, maternal depression), to factors that challenge optimal developmental outcomes. This presentation will provide a description of the shared experiences, developmental risk factors, and intergenerational cycles described by adult research participants. The sample will include approximately 20 adult children of exotic dancers, who will be recruited using word of mouth recruitment and snowball sampling. Data will be collected through short surveys and a semi-structured interview formed through application of phenomenological research methods. Research outcomes are expected to have implications for future research and family programmatic efforts. This research stemmed from Sarah's personal experiences of growing up as the child of an exotic dancer; therefore, she will also be sharing select aspects of her own formative experiences. As the needs and experiences of this population have not yet been investigated, the methodological approach used to explore this hidden population will be outlined, exploring the strengths and limitations of studying the topic as an "insider". Dr. Rochelle Dalla, Professor at University of Lincoln Nebraska-Lincoln, is a contributing author of this presentation.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss common experiences and developmental risk factors for children of exotic dancers

·  Describe intergenerational cycles occurring between exotic dancers and their children

·  Outline methodology in conducting research with this hidden population

·  Share personal select experiences of growing up as the child of an exotic dancer

Hawai’i, in 2016, was the last jurisdiction in the United States to pass a state law addressing human trafficking. To date, no sex trafficking case has ever been successfully prosecuted under this law against a sex trafficker in Hawai’i. However, no criminal justice data does not mean that sex trafficking does not exist in Hawai’i. Sex trafficking has been found in every state in the United States, including Hawai’i, and in most countries around the world. The global and national dimensions of sex trafficking have functioned to obscure the unique and intertwined colonization of bodies and land in Hawai’i. This mixed methods study examines in-depth the lived experiences of 22 victims of sex trafficking in Hawai’i. Findings include the challenges faced to change the culture that facilitates the secrecy of child sex trafficking in Hawai’i. The findings of the study will be discussed along with recommendations for services and policies.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss the results of a mixed methods study on the lived experiences of 22 victims of sex trafficking in Hawaii

·  Explain the recommendations for services and policies

This presentation will introduce the distinct characteristics of Asian sex trafficking victims in the United States. NGO professionals nationwide are facing challenges to reach Asian victims of sex trafficking in massage parlors and other brothels because of their lack of understanding of Asian victims' characteristics. This presentation is aimed to provide the NGO professionals with better understanding of Asian victims to build better outreach programs to combat Asian sex trafficking in the U.S. This presentation will include cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds of both Korean and Chinese women, the difference between Korean and Chinese women, and the distinct characteristics that Asian women have from domestic sex trafficking victims. Finally, the presentation will provide recommendations to strengthen the outreach programs to support Asian women in the commercial sex market in the U.S.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Compare and contrast Korean and Chinese sex trafficking victims.

·  Discuss cultural and socio-economic backgrounds of Chinese and Korean victims

·  Explore differences between Asian and domestic sex trafficking victims

·  Present guidelines to build better outreach and victim assistance programs for Asian victims in commercial sex market in the U.S.

Human trafficking is a billion dollar industry that trades human capitol obtained through coercion, fraud, or force for commercial gain. Human trafficking has been noted globally, throughout the United States and Toledo, Ohio has been labeled a hub for this activity (Provance, 2010). Literature highlighted that nurses and other healthcare professionals are positioned to identify and help rescue victims. This descriptive study assessed knowledge of indicators or human trafficking and resources to rescue using a 14-item tool, Assessment of Human Trafficking Awareness Survey. Indicators of human trafficking are not well identified by nurses or healthcare providers and knowledge of resources to rescue is inconsistent. Education about human trafficking is critical for nurses and other healthcare professionals and should be included in curriculum and/or required continuing education.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss indicators of human trafficking

·  Describe how assessment of indicators can facilitate identification and rescue

·  Explain educational pathways for improving knowledge of indicators of human trafficking

Hamro Abhiyan is a Behavioural Change Communication tool that brings awareness to sensitive issues like the causes of trafficking, its consequences, safety against trafficking, rehabilitation after rescue, and prevention of trafficking through informative edutainment methodology. This program is targeted to people of age 13-35. The impact is measured with the help of questionnaires that the participants of Hamro Abhiyan complete before and after they are involved in the interactive learning activities. Learning with peers or in groups is a proven and effective technique which has been adopted by Hamro Abhiyan that helps to gain knowledge and contributes to positive behavioural changes. Statistics pertaining to incidents of Trafficking in Persons in the past shows the inadequacy of education and awareness. There is a need to reach vulnerable populations with correct messages, knowledge, and information in order to adopt appropriate techniques. The education obtained in a congenial and emotionally attached environment is effective, real, and behavior-changing as compared to the experience of gaining education from other sources. Such types of education need to be exciting and entertaining so that the children, youth, and adolescents adopt it and change their behavior positively and progressively.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Describe effective ways to sensitize teenagers and youths about human-trafficking

·  Explain how Hamro Abhiyan has enabled 3 Angels Nepal to influence stakeholders to be responsive

·  Discuss what is Hamro Abhiyan and how it is implemented

·  Highlight how it can be implemented in other countries

This basic overview of human trafficking is most appropriate for those new to the field. Presenters will focus on both domestic and foreign trafficking as well as labor and sex trafficking. Topics will include the definition of human trafficking, how traffickers recruit, indicators for victim identification, and where and how to report suspected trafficking.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Define human trafficking

·  Explain the basics around how traffickers recruit

·  Describe indicators for victim identification

·  Outline where and how to report suspected trafficking

When CATCH Court began in 2009, it was considered a specialized docket experiment for women ready to exit prostitution. Things began to evolve with the passing of the Ohio Human Trafficking Law in 2012. By 2014, CATCH Court was certified as a specialized docket for victims of human trafficking by the Supreme Court of Ohio. Several academic professionals began to collaboratively evaluate the effectiveness of CATCH Court, and other data interest points. Judge Paul Herbert has been recognized locally, nationally, and globally for his pioneering work. This presentation seeks to both honor a decade worth of work and also highlight lessons learned from the inside. The presenters’ goal is that attendees will grow in their understanding both from their victories, as well as their hard-learned lessons.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Describe an evolution of understanding about commercial sex and the criminal justice system

·  Provide clear and specific steps for individuals to advocate for a similar specialized docket in their community, as well as specific steps to expand and grow their already existing docket

·  Discuss frankly why and how the health of a multidisciplinary team can impact the participants of the specialized docket, and learn about ways to stay healthy as a team

·  Share honest mistakes and exciting victories of a 10-year-old docket

Researchers at The Ohio State University interviewed 25 survivors of sex trafficking in the Central Ohio area in an effort to understand their trajectory into leadership roles in the anti-trafficking movement. The interviews were recorded and analyzed for themes related to three conceptual aims: 1) examining the transition of sex trafficking victims to survivors; 2) examining the transition of sex-trafficked women from survivors to leadership roles; and 3) assessing sex trafficking survivors’ perceptions of leadership. Themes that emerged included: adverse childhood experiences, drugs, forced prostitution, incarceration, and treatment for Aim 1; outreach, public speaking, and peer mentoring for Aim 2; and honesty, strength, open-mindedness, and role modeling for Aim 3. This is one of the first studies to examine leadership in the anti-trafficking movement at the survivor level. The findings are in line with, and highlight the importance of, the Survivor Leadership Model’s five components: a trauma-informed approach; input and direction from survivors; adequate resource allocation by the organization’s upper management; empowerment of the survivor; and post-graduation support (Family and Youth Services Bureau, 2015). This presentation will include: defining leadership; examining the evolution of trafficking victims to survivors; and understanding leadership from the perspective of an anti-trafficking activist who is also a survivor.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Define leadership and explore the Survivor Leadership model

·  Examine the evolution of trafficking victims to survivors

·  Understand leadership from the perspective of an anti-trafficking activist who is also a survivor

This presentation will discuss the Northwest Ohio Violent Crimes Against Children Task Force and their mission to combat crimes against children. This will be followed by a case study in which the attendees will hear about a sex trafficking investigation in Lima, Ohio that was conducted by the task force. Attendees will hear the case from initial recruitment of the minors to the convictions of the traffickers and others. The case concerns 2 minors in the Lima, Ohio area, their traffickers, and others that conspired to traffic the minors. As a result of the investigation, two minors were recovered and 7 individuals were arrested and convicted, with one trafficker sentenced to life in federal prison and another sentenced to 30 years in federal prison.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss how the task force approaches these types of investigations by looking at the big picture and taking out an entire organizations ability to operate

·  Explain how the task force uses a victim centered approach to our investigations

·  Describe the complexities of these types of investigations from dealing with multiple jurisdictions to preservation of evidence

This presentation discusses the data Sex Workers Outreach Project (SWOP) Behind Bars has collected for three years with over 1000 individuals who are currently or formerly incarcerated for prostitution, trafficking, or prostitution-related crimes. SWOP Behind Bars is a national social justice network dedicated to the fundamental human rights of people who face discrimination from the criminal justice system due to the stigma associated with the sex industry. While the United States’ incarceration rate is staggering compared to the rest of the world, this rate is the lowest the US has seen since 2008 (Kaeble & Cowhig, 2018; National Research Council, 2014). Despite this downward trend of incarceration rates, the proportion of women to men has steadily increased, making women a greater percentage of the adults filling US prisons and jails than in previous years (World Prison Brief, 2018). While the imprisonment rate for females is overall lower than men, at 84 per 100,000 adult females, the arrest rates of women increased from the previous year (Benedict, 2014; Lynch, Fritch & Heath, 2012). The female population in jail has increased 44% between 2000 and 2013 (Fact Sheet on Justice Involved Women, 2016). Many women in the prison system have prostitution-related experience and/or criminal charges in their past. Increasingly, women are also being arrested and convicted for trafficking of others, even though they have been victimized and trafficked themselves (SWOP Behind Bars, 2019). This presentation highlights the overlap between adult consensual sex work, trafficking, and traffickers, provides an overview of data they gathered, and explains their members’ greatest needs. This vulnerable population becomes even more at risk for falling victim to predatory management that will force them into compromising situations and push them further to the margins. The stigma and shame that is already present for most women who have been in jail or prison is exacerbated by the lack of opportunities for employment and education upon release.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Explain the differences between adult consensual sex work and trafficking/exploitation in the sex industry

·  Provide a clear understanding of how the criminalization of prostitution impacts victims of sex trafficking

·  Discuss how incarceration is related to prostitution, prostitution-related crimes, and trafficking

·  Provide attendees with a better understanding of individuals they may work with who have been incarcerated, and how to better address their needs as whole people

Sex trafficking involves the intentional use of coercion, force, fraud, or exploitation of one person by another for purpose of performing unwanted sex acts. With the advent of systemic factors such as increased dependence on technology, ambiguity in legislation and prosecution, unjust stigma, and other barriers and misconceptions, individuals who have been trafficked can struggle to access appropriate resources, such as counseling, to assist them. Rarely do trafficked persons seek counseling independently. Further, when they do present in counseling, they may present with a host of other symptoms that can mask or exacerbate their experiences or be indicative of co-occurring concerns. Thus, counseling trafficked persons tasks counselors and other mental health providers with possessing awareness of and competence to understand the dynamics of trafficking. Counselors must be attuned to and respond with trauma neutral language, appropriate assessment, crisis intervention, safety planning, and stabilization, the ability to address basic needs, and the ability to provide trauma informed and responsive identity, existential meaning, and grounding work with clients.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Explore the culture of trafficking

·  Explore systemic factors that perpetuate trafficking

·  Explore evidence-based techniques and strategies for counseling individuals who have been trafficked

There can be a world free of slaves. However, the most effective way to tackle a problem is to first address the root cause. The root cause of trafficking in Africa and most third world countries over the years remains poverty, with women and children being the most vulnerable (Allais, 2006). Will trafficking ever end without first eliminating or, at best, reducing the push factor? This presentation seeks to answer this puzzle. Third world countries have continuously failed its youth and young adults. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the unemployment rate in Nigeria is 23.1%, while the World Poverty Clock estimated that 86.9 million Nigerians now live in extreme poverty. This makes it easier for traffickers to recruit desperate job seekers to the Middle East with promises of well-paid jobs. Kafala System is an employment framework that requires sponsorship for migrant workers from a nation who possesses substantial control over the worker (Hartnett, 2018). Oman’s Kafala System has more than 160,000 female migrant domestic workers trapped in beatings, unpaid wages, sexual abuse, and excessive working hours (Human Rights Watch, Oman, 2018).

Presentation Objectives:

·  Provide insight into the history of Kafala System practiced in the Middle East

·  Analyze how the Kafala system serves as a gateway to labour trafficking

·  Discuss the leading push factors of labour trafficking

·  Make recommendations for reform to the Kafala System

Spring Awakening is a powerful piece of drama in its breadth of issues regarding teenage angst, dilemmas, and community oppression. Written in 1891 by Frank Wedekind, it concerns German youth and their challenges in growing up. The dramatic material tackles a plethora of issues such as rape, suicide, and abortion, to name a few. Issue Box Theatre’s process first identified a specific translation (Franzen) of the German text that would most potently explore these issues. Next, they created a performance with age appropriate casting to ensure a well-rounded and realistic interpretation of the play. They selected a director who was able to navigate the contemporary themes in the dated material and established a production team to support this challenging but vital work of theatre. Curriculum was developed to generate community dialogue with the participants and audience members. Characteristics of safe and healthy relationships were discussed via open dialogue and resources provided by community educators. Issue Box Theatre encourages participants to become “Actorvists”, putting the ACT back into activism. This workshop will present their methods starting with a rationale for this production including IBT company methods and values. Rosie will present synthesized data gathered throughout the process and present results including community responses and reactions. This is a follow-up presentation to a workshop from last year's conference where the project was proposed.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss the process of the theatre project development and conclusions

·  Describe ways healthy relationships curriculum assisted both young and old alike to discuss issues in an open and healthy manner

·  Describe how creating a network of community educators and resources for young people was beneficial to the community as a whole

This session will explore sex trafficking and labor trafficking, including terms such as force, fraud, and coercion, as defined by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (the TVPA) and its reauthorizations, as well as cases decided under the TVPA. This session will also discuss immigration options available to undocumented survivors, including non-immigrant visas, derivative visas, permanent residence, and citizenship.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Explain how the law and cases define sex trafficking

·  Explain how the law and cases define labor trafficking

·  Discuss special challenges and unique options for undocumented immigrant survivors of sex trafficking and labor trafficking

While emerging research and advocacy efforts are bringing more attention to labor trafficking of minors, this form of human trafficking is often under-recognized and under- reported. In this workshop, attendees will learn about the two main types of labor trafficking exploitation, bonded labor and forced labor, as well as learn to recognize the signs and pathways to help prevent labor trafficking among at-risk youth. The presenters will introduce relevant prior research on youth and labor trafficking and also share the experience of a pilot project to identify youth who are labor trafficked currently underway in Minnesota by The Enitan Story (TES). TES is conducting in-depth, community-based outreach to identify labor trafficking victims, assess their needs, provide direct trauma-informed, culturally relevant services in the areas of employment and life skills and coordinate referrals.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss the definition of child labor trafficking and prevalence among at-risk youth

·  Discuss the risk factors and pathways that youth engage in labor trafficking

·  Describe ways to engage in the prevention of labor trafficking for at-risk youth

·  Share the experience of a current pilot project underway in Minnesota to identify and serve youth and young adults who are survivors of labor trafficking

Over the past decade, Minnesota’s response to sex trafficking and exploitation has focused primarily on youth up to age 24. In 2017, the Minnesota State Legislature, in response to stakeholder requests for an enhanced vision of the Safe Harbor system, directed the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), in consultation with the Minnesota Department of Human Services and the Minnesota Department of Public Safety, to develop a strategic plan that expands the current Safe Harbor system to address the needs of all victim/survivors of sex trafficking and exploitation as well as others who have lived experience, regardless of age. MDH contracted with three partner organizations, The Urban Research and Outreach-Engagement Center at the University of Minnesota, The Advocates for Human Rights, and Rainbow Research, to design and implement a community engagement process involving stakeholders statewide, including persons most impacted by sexual exploitation and trafficking. In January 2019, MDH submitted a strategic plan to the legislature providing immediate and long-term suggestions for expanding Safe Harbor to all ages. This plan is informed by the recommendations and findings developed through the community engagement process and outlined in the report submitted by the partner organizations, "Safe Harbor for All: Results from a Strategic Planning Process in Minnesota." This presentation will provide an overview of the partners' comprehensive participatory research model supporting the strategic plan. Workshop attendees will learn about how participatory research approaches can inform and enhance the multidisciplinary response to trafficking and exploitation for youth and adults.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Describe the needs of adult victim/survivors and persons with lived experiences in terms of supportive services and system response

·  Discuss how participatory research policies can advance state policy to support adult survivors of trafficking/exploitation and all persons with lived experience

·  Demonstrate how state and private research partnerships can expand the dialogue about the intersections of sex trafficking and exploitation with overt and underlying forces of oppression

The commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is a widespread social problem. However, true estimates of the incidence and prevalence of the problem are challenging to determine due to inconsistent definitions and difficulty identifying victims (Salisbury, Dabney, & Russell, 2015). Best estimates to date suggest that approximately 25,000 to 100,000 children are at risk for CSEC each year in the United States (Mitchell, Finkelhor, & Wolak, 2010; Willis & Levy, 2002). As such, continued efforts to better understand, assess, and provide services for victims of CSEC are warranted. Certain risk factors for CSEC have been identified and include physical, psychological, and sexual abuse and neglect; witness to domestic violence; drug/alcohol use; running away from home and homelessness; involvement with child protective services and law enforcement; and development of risky sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted infections (OJJDP, 2002; Varma, 2015). Given the vast array of traumatic events, this population experiences, development of mental health difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder are common (Hossein et al., 2010). Thus, evidence-based assessment and treatment to help adolescents address these difficulties are also needed.  Recent research provides guidance for implementing trauma informed care when working with commercially sexually exploited youth. This presentation will provide information regarding how child maltreatment, homelessness, illegal behavior, and other risk factors can lead to CSEC, as well as information regarding current methods of identifying youth at risk for CSEC and ways to provide support for professionals working with this population.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss current information in the field of childhood traumatic stress as it relates to commercial sexual exploitation of children

·  Describe initiatives to develop a screening process to identify youth at risk of commercial sexual exploitation

·  Explore a state-wide initiative to help serve youth who have experienced CSEC in a trauma informed manner and support providers working with this population

At Selah Freedom, 100% of the sex trafficking survivors in their safe housing reported experiencing childhood sexual abuse. This early abuse normalizes unhealthy sexual relationships and can increase the susceptibility to being later recruited by a trafficker. Selah Freedom believes getting out ahead of this issue with their prevention training is key. Their Freedom for Youth curriculum addresses sex trafficking with an age-appropriate curriculum for K-5th Grade. This coloring book-based training helps kids explore safe touch, identify safe adults, offer tips of using their voice to speak up for themselves, and online safety.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss sexual abuse as a risk factor of sex trafficking youth

·  Preview a curriculum that offers a solution to prevention training for younger kids

Child sexual exploitation (CSE) is a widespread and significant social phenomenon that has gained substantial concern from the public and policy sphere, especially for nations in the Global South. A report from UNICEF (2017) stated that the Philippines is “the global epicenter of the live-stream sexual abuse trade”. Online child sexual exploitation (OSEC) is the leading form of cybercrime in the Philippines, making up half of reported cases across the world. Plagued by a multitude of political and socio-economic factors, norms driven by neo-colonial ideologies have had implications for local responses and communities. This presentation is based on initial findings from an in-depth qualitative study exploring the state of CSE from the lens of three grassroots non-government organizations (NGOs) based in the highest reported areas of sex trafficking in the archipelago. Utilizing an ethnographic methodology and traditional grounded theoretical approach, comprehensive case studies were constructed encompassing observations and semi-structured interviews with frontline staff and organizational leaders who are at the forefront of targeted frontline efforts to tackle CSE. The presentation will disseminate the preliminary key findings from the study, aiming to inform conference participants of systemic challenges in efforts to respond to the evolving dynamics of CSE. Likewise, the presenting of push and pull factors specific to the context of the Philippines intends to cultivate wider discussions related to prevention, child safety and global roles in tackling the prevailing issues.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Explain the prevailing situation of child sexual exploitation (CSE) in the Philippines, specifically the push and pull factors

·  Articulate the current systems from the grassroots NGO lens in response to CSE

·  Discuss key findings from a qualitative study and the evolving opportunities and challenges

·  Expand on international perspectives towards tackling CSE and the application to Global South communities using the Filipino context as an example

According to the Prison Policy Initiative (2018), 219,000 women are behind bars in the U.S. The number of women locked up nationwide has been growing more than twice as fast as that of men since 1978. Moreover, incarcerated women tend to face greater disciplinary action than men and are offered inferior services, programming and facilities than men (Women’s Justice Institute, 2018). Attendees will learn about two programs directly supporting and advocating for incarcerated women. Chicago Books to Women in Prison (CBWP) distributes free books to women and trans/non-binary people in prisons nationwide. The grassroots organization provides a critical intervention by offering the self-empowerment, education and entertainment of reading to people with little or no access to books. The organization has integrated human trafficking education in its work, offering recommended books on human trafficking. CBWP uses the trust it has earned from the women it serves to help fight human trafficking. Sex Workers Outreach Project (SWOP) Behind Bars provides extensive support to incarcerated men, women and trans folks: newsletters, books, pen pals, scholarships, and reentry support, as well as a “toolkit” for donating books to county jails. They advocate for sex workers, who rarely receive the comprehensive support that would enable them to leave the industry if they choose. SWOP Behind Bars works to remove the stigma around sex work and thereby protect the human rights and dignity of women in it. By decriminalizing both the buying and selling of sex, efforts can better focus on those who truly need assistance.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Explain how books-to-prisoners programs fill a critical need for incarcerated people

·  Describe the role of books-to-prisoners programs in educating incarcerated people about human trafficking

·  Discuss the importance of supporting and advocating for sex workers, including those who are incarcerated and in reentry

Victims of trafficking are presenting in healthcare settings, yet studies show that they often remain ‘hidden in plain sight’ in the hospitals and clinics because healthcare professionals don't know how to identify, respond, and safeguard them (Oram et al, 2016; Katsanis et al, 2019). Professionals may be blinkered to treating the physical injury but miss holistically assessing the individual and their potentially life-threatening situation. Crucial opportunities to empower and intervene in a survivor’s life are being lost. Trafficking survivors often feel unable to spontaneously disclose their abusive situation to health professionals due to complex, layered fears, threats, confusions and misunderstandings. However, to a sensitive professional, their speech, behavior, mental state and physical appearance may well give clues that something is wrong. If that attending health professional is then equipped to manage a potential slavery scenario safely and confidently, including tailored screening questions, techniques for removing suspicious accompanying individuals from the room without raising alarm and an understanding of next steps, the chance for a victim to be well supported greatly increases. This workshop will cover the reality of human trafficking and how it relates to healthcare, the approach and lessons learnt from the USA’s healthcare-led responses, and VITA’s plans to transform the assessment and care of modern slavery survivors in the UK National Health Service.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss how victims of trafficking may present in healthcare settings

·  Discuss what physical, mental, behavioural and other clues to trafficking may be disclosed or detected in the healthcare setting

·  Discuss what actions are appropriate and safe for a healthcare professional to take when a patient is a suspected modern slavery victim

·  Discuss existing training programs for healthcare professionals across the USA, drawing important lessons

·  Discuss the development and strategy of VITA training in the UK, identifying key recommendations for implementing a national training program

Recently there have been concentrated efforts focusing on human trafficking prevention (ACF, 2016; Chang & Stoklosa, 2017). Current prevention efforts span various professional fields and expertise. Missing from prevention literature is the systematic inclusion of survivors’ through methodologically sound research (Murphy, Bennet, & Kottke, 2016). This study utilized Group Concept Mapping (GCM), a rigorous participatory mixed-method process adept in capturing stakeholder contributions, to explore human trafficking prevention. Having survivor contributions captured through rigorous research provides greater opportunities to utilize data. GCM draws upon a non-random, purposive sample of stakeholders: survivors of human trafficking (Kane & Trochim, 2007). Survivors are the originators of the data, determine the value of the data and identify ways in which the data should be presented and coalesced. Adult survivors of human trafficking (N=35) participated in brainstorming and rating/sorting sessions across three states. Survivors were asked to conceptualize human trafficking prevention. Results identified 10 distinct clusters, made up of 108 unique statements. Examples included: Education and Awareness, Social Services, and School Based Education. Survivor conceptualizations of prevention (statements) were also rated by participants across two variables, Importance and Feasibility. Participant ratings produced a high correlation between participants’ views of which data was important and which data was feasible (r = 0.91). Two significant outcomes of this study are the central focus on the inclusion and representation of survivors’ contributions and building an empirical knowledge base for preventing human trafficking. The analytical outputs are highly useful in influencing program development and modification. Dr. Justin “Jay” Miller, Associate Dean for Research & Associate Professor at the University of Kentucky, is a contributing author of this presentation.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Emphasize survivor integration in research conceptualizing prevention strategies

·  Discuss study findings and implications

·  Identify key areas for prevention initiatives

As many of us working tirelessly toward ending human trafficking begin to move from “rescue and restore” models of intervention into more holistic, trauma-informed, empowerment models emphasizing safety and self-determination, harm reduction principles become increasingly important for us to understand and incorporate into our work. Harm reduction in sex trafficking prevention starts from the position that any steps toward a person’s safety are worth making, allowing for incremental improvement toward safety and self-determination rather than holding out on “rescue” as our primary indicator of success. In this workshop, attendees will learn harm reduction principles, why they are needed in our work in sex trafficking prevention and response, and how to incorporate them into outreach, direct service programs, and policy.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Identify the 8 principles of harm reduction as outlined by the Harm Reduction Coalition

·  Translate these principles from use in addressing substance use disorders to sex trafficking policy and response

·  Name 5 ways these principles might lead to more effective policy, outreach, and direct service programming for survivors of sex trafficking

Psychosocial, human, and health services are seldom equipped to address the unique needs of people with lived experiences in the commercial sex trade (Aron, Sweig, & Newmark, 2006; Hemmings et al., 2016). A prominent issue is the struggles that people experience(d) to exit from the trade (Baker, Dalla, & Williamson; Reid & Piquero, 2014). The stigma associated with involvement in the trade often deters those caught up in it from services (Macy & Johns, 2011; Silver, Karakurt, & Boysen, 2015); a missed opportunity for providers to engage a population highly vulnerable to exploitation, violence, trafficking, prostitution and other forms of human rights violations. Hence, this presentation will describe a study whose primary objective is to better understand the challenges that people face to exit. Another study objective is to generate knowledge to inform best practices to work with people who are at different points of experience and relationship to the commercial sex trade: still in the sex trade; out of the sex trade; and with or without a history of cycling in and out of the sex trade. The team will discuss their preliminary findings in relation to the study objectives based on qualitative and quantitative data gathered across Massachusetts in 2018 from 50 interviews with adult participants who reported they had exchanged sex for something of value during their lifetime. The study participants are diverse by their age (18-34, 35%; 35-44, 45%; 55+, 20%);  gender (male, 14%; female, 84%, other 2%); race (Black & African American, 41%; White, 47%; other, 12%); ethnicity (12% Latino); sexual orientation (Heterosexual, 59%; Homosexual/Gay/Lesbian, 10%; Bisexual, 25%; other, 6%); income (51%, $12,000 or less); and childbearing status (74%, have children).

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss preliminary study findings related to participants' relationship to the commercial sex trade correlated across exiting status and measures involving spirituality, wellness, dissociation, PTSD, and Adverse Childhood Experiences

·  List potential practice applications of the data that may inform improved clinical and peer services to people with lived experience in the commercial sex trade

·  Engage attendees in helping the researchers identify how these preliminary findings might be helpful to better serve the population

Numerous United Nations bodies, such as the Committee Against Torture, the Committee for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, and the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, contend that it is a human rights violation to make survivor assistance contingent upon cooperation with law enforcement. The fact that the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act does so has been decried as placing an “onerous, discriminatory burden on alien victims” (Chakraborti, 2014). We will discuss this allegation in light of three factors: (1) that the objections to the TVPA’s Contingency Clause are utilitarian rather than based upon human rights, (2) that existent human rights law grants discretion to utilize some version of the Contingency Clause, and (3) that the history of human rights as well as international and regional practice implies a reciprocity of duties among rights-holders, which suggests the Contingency Clause may in fact be justified on the basis of human rights. Discussants will be asked to consider how contingency, if re-construed as reciprocity, affects the relationship between such (sometimes) competing therapeutic goals as enhancing autonomy and effecting a willingness to proactively serve other potential survivors.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Examine the claim that the TVPA's contingency requirement violates survivors' human rights

·  Describe international and regional human rights law regarding survivor services

·  Discuss the implications (e.g., for therapeutic goals) if contingency is compatible with human rights

The goal of this presentation is to educate attendees how hidden incest, sexual abuse, and rape trafficking go hand in hand. The presenter will identify grooming, incest and how both affected her life, tore apart relationships, and how she was able to overcome the past through education.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Describe how this happens easier in a rural community

·  Explain the signs of what it looks like when a child is enduring this kind of abuse

·  Discuss how teachers, nurses, and doctors can do things differently to help the child

·  Discuss how secret societies and hidden communities must have ways to be held accountable

·  Discuss the health issues to the audience with question and answer time

Thus far, human trafficking research has primarily focused on qualitative studies, statistical estimations of prevalence, and insights generated from economic models. However, a variety of additional mathematical modeling and data analytic techniques also have the potential to help address the unique challenges facing anti-human trafficking efforts, including: the covertness of traffickers, the hidden nature of victim-survivors, fragmented data, and limited resources. This presentation will discuss ongoing transdisciplinary collaborations in this sphere and utilize multiple illustrative examples, including optimizing the allocation of a limited budget for rehabilitative shelters for human trafficking survivors and coordinating efforts to disrupt trafficking networks. Applications of such modeling approaches to other social justice contexts will also be briefly discussed. This presentation is designed to be accessible for all audiences, regardless of their familiarity with mathematical concepts.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Identify opportunities for mathematicians to aid service providers, policy makers, law enforcement personnel, and other researchers

·  Acknowledge challenges to modeling these environments

·  Highlight the benefits of incorporating mathematical models into the decision-making process through illustrative examples

It’s wonderful that the world is awakening to the realization that slavery and trafficking in humans exist in our world today, but focusing on sex trafficking alone won’t help solve the problem. This workshop will offer a closer look at labor trafficking including forced labor, debt bondage, and involuntary domestic servitude. We will use case examples to discuss the complications in identifying and serving victims. At this workshop, attendees will learn how to recognize potential red flags and indicators of labor trafficking, understand the barriers that labor trafficking victims faced when accessing help, recognize the gaps in services for these vulnerable population, and understand immigration reliefs for victims. The presenter will also discuss the most effective practices to serve foreigner national labor human trafficking victims using trauma informed-care, cultural humility, and client-centered approach. Finally, the presenter will touch on how you as a consumer can fight human trafficking.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Describe different forms of human trafficking

·  Discuss how to identify victims

·  Explain barriers and gaps in social services

·  Discuss immigration reliefs and resources available

·  Identify the most effective practices using trauma-informed care, cultural humility and client-centered approach

·  Discuss the role of consumers in fighting labor human trafficking

An often-overlooked part of healing for survivors of the sex trafficking is preparing their family members and loved ones for their return. The development of the Through the Eyes of a Parent program has provided tips and supportive tools for these family members. This session will offer tips, strategies and suggestions that have successfully contributed to re-integration. Survivors of the commercial sex trade often find it easier to return to the trafficker than to work through the challenges of navigating through returning to their families. Using a trauma informed approach, we must address the environment, emotional reactions, psychological impact and day to day practical survival involved in "coming home". Often survivors don't understand that their families are in shock, and families are uncertain of how to best help their loved one. Learn how to help them.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Explain the impact of reintegration on the survivors of sex trafficking

·  Explain the impact on the families and loves one of survivors of sex trafficking

·  Identify services needed to help with re-integration for survivors of sex trafficking

Previous statistical analysis of state-level human trafficking reporting in the Polaris data has identified demographic, economic, and sociological drivers of human trafficking. This enables a prediction of the number of reported victims to be expected for each state. States with high-performing programs and practices for identifying victims have a higher reported rate than that predicted by demographic and socio-economic drivers alone. This study compares the legislative environment of higher performing states, such as Ohio, to those with fewer reported cases for the same expected underlying rate. In this way, insight is gained as to which legislative actions are more effective in identifying victims. For example, training of emergency room workers is a very effective practice, yet at least 37% states have no such requirement. A statistical model derives data-driven recommendations for which legislative actions have the largest effect in driving the reporting of human trafficking victims.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Identify and recommend legislative actions effective at identifying more human trafficking victims

·  Advocate for more research on data-driven recommendations to combat human trafficking

This presentation seeks to illuminate challenges presented and barriers related to the language and images used in anti-human trafficking work and formulate a better way forward. Specifically, the presenters consider the ways in which the diverse identities of people involved in trafficking situations, anti-human trafficking advocates, and the historical backdrop of the United States interacts with and impacts anti-human trafficking efforts. The presenters will discuss how anti-human trafficking language, imagery, and stories often inadvertently subvert objectives by shaping and influencing thinking, actions, attitudes, and the treatment of others in a non-comprehensive way. For example, how the imagery, language, and stories associated with referring to human-trafficking as "modern day slavery" is void of appropriate societal context, ostracizes and can offend victims and advocates, and recasts antebellum slavery in a sanitized light while retelling the story of American slavery as a rescue mission. This one example is a preview of how the presenters expect to deconstruct linguistic and visual tools to raise awareness and initiate a discussion for a more effective approach. The elucidation of such challenges is the departure point from which presenters and audience members will engage to formulate less constricting terms and work towards resolving such issues. At the conclusion of this presentation, attendees should have a basic understanding of subversive anti-human trafficking language choices and be able to identify better, concrete, options moving forward that more effectively accomplish the goal of discussing human-trafficking.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Highlight issues surrounding the language and imagery used in anti-human trafficking work

·  Discuss ideas for how to reframe our experiences

·  Set concrete objectives for participants to use going forward

Researchers conducted voluntary face-to-face interviews with women incarcerated in a Southern state prison (n=83) regarding their health, quality of life, and justice-related experiences using a cross-sectional approach. PTS severity was captured using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 with Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (Weathers et al., 2013). Traumatic experiences of current focus include sexual assault; other unwanted or uncomfortable sexual experiences; and captivity. Quality of life (QOL) was captured using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-BREF (Bonomi, Patrick, Bushnell, & Martin, 2000). Independent sample t-tests identified significant differences of PTS severity and QOL among women who self-reported having experienced the above traumas directly and those who did not report direct experiences. Women who reported experiencing these traumatic experiences reported significantly higher average PTS severity than their non-affected counterparts (r= .28 - .40). Women who reported experiencing unwanted sexual experiences or captivity also reported significantly lower environmental QOL than their non-affected peers (r=.30 - .35). Significant relationships between having enough money to meet one’s needs and sexual assault (r=-.33, p=.002), other unwanted sexual experiences (r=-.28., p=.01), and captivity (r=-.32, p=.003) may indicate that financial security serves as a mediator of trauma and QOL among women incarcerated in state prisons. Implications related to vocational training and job opportunities in carceral settings for women will be discussed, within the context of key trauma-informed care principles. Dr. Amber McDonald, part-time faculty at the University of Louisville Kent’s School of Social Work, is a contributing author of this presentation.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Provide an overview of a study exploring relationships among traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress (PTS), and quality of life (QOL) among women incarcerated in a state prison system (N=83).

·  Describe relationships between traumatic experiences, PTS, and QOL

·  Showcase findings regarding sexual assault or other unwanted or uncomfortable sexual experiences, captivity, PTS, and QOL among a sample of women incarcerated in a state prison system

·  Discuss practice implications related to primary study findings

Recovering Individuals from Sexual Exploitation (R.I.S.E.) is a program of The Salvation Army in Northwest Ohio that seeks to empower survivors of trafficking and exploitation through holistic and intensive case management, support groups, and resource connections. Survivors of trafficking and exploitation have experienced immense complex trauma, and it has been found that traditional methods of addressing the needs don’t always prove the most beneficial (Polaris Project & Sanar Wellness Institute, 2015; Williamson, Dutch & Clawson, 2010; Xiong, 2008). For that reason, this project focuses on utilizing creative expressions and equine-assisted therapeutic activities to positively impact the survivors’ journey. This was realized through a collaborative grant between R.I.S.E., Issue Box Theatre, The Expressive Therapies Center, and Serenity Farm Equestrian Center through the generosity of the Lucas County Human Trafficking Coalition. This presentation will cover the process of collaborating across four unique yet interconnected fields (social work, art therapy, theatre, and equine-assisted therapy) as well as how the clients themselves responded to the activities. First, each presenter will share a brief background of their area of expertise and how it provides healing to survivors of human trafficking and exploitation, using research to support their perspectives. Second, each presenter will share the experience of working with R.I.S.E. survivors as well as working in a collaborative fashion across disciplines. Then, the presenters will provide qualitative responses shared from the survivors who were part of this project. Finally, the presenters will give overall feedback as well as suggestions for those wishing to facilitate similar activities and collaborations.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss efficacy of art-based initiatives

·  Provide clarification on the differences between “therapeutic intervention” and “therapy”

·  Share responses of survivors to creative interventions and their process of imagining a brighter future

·  Present findings of evidence-based and best-practices related to creative interventions for survivors of trauma and trafficking

Good intentions are the driving force behind current legislation and policies directed at helping those who are trafficked. However, by overlooking the voices of the most vulnerable, these seemingly progressive acts have unintended consequences, even making trafficking more likely. Using recent examples including FOSTA/SESTA, strip club legislation, and raids on sexual oriented businesses (SOB), the presenters will demonstrate how efforts to end trafficking often blur the lines between trafficking and sex work and end up perpetuating the problem we seek to eradicate. They will then discuss how activists can learn from these shortcomings and develop more inclusive policies that will genuinely work towards ending trafficking while still protecting people who perform consensual erotic labor.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Define sex work versus sex trafficking, the spectrum of agency within the sex trade, and criminalized, legalized, and decriminalized models for prostitution

·  Highlight various pieces of legislation targeting sex workers across the country

·  Provide examples of real abuse and exploitation happening in SOB, gentlemen’s clubs, and adult entertainment venues

·  Illustrate how decriminalization initiatives grant greater access to support, resources, and non-sex work economic opportunities

·  Offer suggestions to anti-trafficking advocates on ways to be inclusive toward sex workers when developing policy strategies, rescue interventions, and/or outreach

This presentation will present findings from an extensive review of 33 case studies of suspected victims of human trafficking. These case studies spanned three states over the course of two years. Each case study was analyzed by two research fellows to identify initial themes. A second review was conducted by two research scientists and consensus was obtained on the four themes. They include patient characteristics, trafficker characteristics, process improvement and point of entry. The research team has defined patient characteristics as any detail about the appearance, personality or behavior of the potential human trafficking victim. This is similar to the definition for the theme of trafficker characteristics. Process improvement is defined as characteristics that describe the overall process from the time patients presented to the hospital until they were discharged. These could include failure to identify potential human trafficking victims, gaps in following protocol, and opportunities for improvement in the overall care of the patient. Lastly, Port of Entry is defined as the location of first contact with the patient. These findings will be used to help improve the identification and care of the HT victim.  Additional research studies have been planned as a result of these qualitative study, including a comprehensive analysis of the medical treatment that HT victims received.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss the common themes that emerged from the reviewed case studies and their impact on further research inquiries

·  Identify criteria that could be used to build a template for future case study audits

·  Identify areas of success and opportunities for improvement in the overall care of potential HT victims

Sex trafficking and intimate partner violence (IPV) are global social justice issues in which vulnerable and marginalized individuals are harmed in significant and overlapping ways. The presenters analyzed the extant literature on sex trafficking and IPV and drew upon their own research with participants exiting sex trafficking through CATCH Court (Canning & Schultz, 2019; Schultz, Canning, & Eveleigh, 2018). This presentation is based on their mixed-methods findings. The presenters analyzed quantitative data based on participants (N = 60) enrolled in the Changing Actions to Change Habits (CATCH) Court in Franklin County, Ohio. Qualitative interviews with participants (N = 19) enrolled in the Changing Actions to Change Habits (CATCH) Court also provided insights based on participant completion of 90-minute life story interviews and life maps. Their findings revealed that abusive dynamics (e.g., coercive control, physical and sexual violence, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), and fatal injuries) are mirrored in both forms of interpersonal violence and that pimp and sex buyer abuse perpetrated against sex trafficked individuals is more accurately understood using an IPV lens. The intersections of coercive control and violence between sex trafficking and IPV calls for clinicians to provide trauma-informed therapy, and specifically an awareness of IPV, as they work with sex trafficked individuals.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss the dynamics of coercive control, physical and sexual violence, traumatic brain injuries experienced by survivors of sex trafficking

·  Discuss the dynamics of coercive control, physical and sexual violence, traumatic brain injuries experienced survivors of intimate partner violence

·  Explain counseling implications as a result of the comparable forms of abuse dynamics that characterize both sex trafficking and IPV

Human trafficking victims often suffer many physical and psychological health consequences. It’s often challenging to identify victims of human trafficking because they often do not self-identify, are isolated, have increased self-hatred, and fear retaliation. While being exploited, 9/10 victims come in contact with health care providers but sadly are under recognized. Health care professional are in a unique position to help identify and treat these victims. Thanks to the momentum of education and awareness on this topic over the last five years, we are coming to know that human trafficking exists in the United States. This presentation will give a general overview of the health implications and give health care practitioners effective strategies to help work with these difficult mindsets and the health complexities and consequences that intersect while being trafficked.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Present current literature as it applies to the intersection of health care and sex trafficking

·  Discuss the health implications of sex trafficking victims

·  Discuss the mindset of human trafficking victims and why they stay

This session will present an overview of Project NO REST, a five-year effort funded by the Children’s Bureau and VOCA, and its approach to strengthening and supporting North Carolina’s infrastructure for addressing the trafficking of vulnerable youth in the state, especially those with a child welfare connection. It will cover the project’s development of a comprehensive plan to address both sex and labor trafficking. The presenter will describe the recruitment and experiences of five pilot sites, containing 17 counties, as well as information on the 477 individuals they served in the first two years. He also will describe the outreach campaign to connect survivors to services.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Provide information on Project NO REST and its plan to address trafficking in North Carolina

·  Articulate the project’s collaborative network approach to address trafficking

·  Describe the operation of five pilot sites and present information on the individuals they served

Human trafficking is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world today generating $9.5 billion yearly in the United States, with 98% of sex trafficking victims being women and girls. This photovoice project aims to 1) to increase awareness of the issue of human trafficking; and 2) to improve the ability of systems to appropriately and effectively respond to human trafficking in a trauma-informed manner, in order to reduce stigma and promote resilience. Project STAAR (Survivors of Trafficking creating Art, Agency, and Resilience) is a survivor-informed photovoice project that utilized grounded theory analysis techniques to facilitate critical conversations with two cohorts of survivors of childhood sex trafficking. A photovoice approach, with grounded theory analysis techniques was used to conduct two cohorts of data collection involving critical conversations with survivors of childhood sex trafficking. The resulting compilation of photos and narratives shared by the artists (the survivors) will be shown as a 20-minute silent short film. The film is powerful and conveys the many ‘photovoices’ of survivors of child sex trafficking. Following the film, the Project STAAR team will present lessons learned and findings (photography and narratives) from the project. Recommendations for improving advocacy, outreach and services will also be discussed. Dr. Lesley Harris, Assistant Professor at the University of Louisville, Dr. Maurice Gattis, Associate Professor at the University of Louisville, and Angela Renfro, Executive Director of the Kristy Love Foundation are contributors of this presentation.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Increase awareness of the issue of child sex trafficking in the United States

·  Enhance knowledge and understanding regarding the dynamics of child sex trafficking and its impact on children

·  Reduce stigma and promote resilience among child trafficking survivors

·  Improve the ability of systems to appropriately and effectively respond to child sex trafficking in a trauma-informed manner

The presentation reports findings from an innovative study with young people who were trafficked as children into and within England. Creative methods of music and dance were utilized to access, engage young people and build trust. In-depth qualitative interviews and focus groups were held with 20 young people aged 15-21. This qualitative research examined lived experiences of trafficking and how children experience services within the child trafficking framework in England. Although a victim-centered approach is espoused in child trafficking policy, this research reveals how the binary opposite is experienced by children and young people in front-line services. Young people experienced immigration-driven and prosecution-focused practice and were treated as complicit in their situations. They reported how they were not listened to, not believed and further blamed by practitioners for their situations. Young people were criminalized, either as illegal immigrants or prosecuted for trafficking related crimes, creating further harm. The findings strongly support depoliticizing child trafficking policy away from a criminal justice approach towards policy and practice that centers on children and young people’s welfare needs and protection. An urgent cultural shift is required in practitioners believing young people when disclosing abuse. This relates to wider concerns of disbelief in children’s accounts of abuse in organized child sexual abuse scandals across England. The key message for social work education and practice is that Children Services need to realign their practice with migrant children as anti-discriminatory and reaffirm social work’s role in upholding children’s rights to equal access to protection.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Share research findings from listening to children how they experience services

·  Provide an English perspective of how child trafficking policy and practice is experienced

·  Discuss implications of findings on practice

·  Explore what we can learn from similarities/differences between the English and American anti-trafficking contexts

The goal of this presentation is to assist with awareness and understanding of human trafficking when working with Individuals with Developmental Disabilities (DD). The session will cover DD Individuals Risk Factors and why they are so vulnerable. The presenters will share stories about experiences with their population who have been trafficked, how to report, how to recognize the signs, how to support individuals and families if they experienced human trafficking. The session will also cover some labor trafficking stories in order to protect the DD population from employers who have immoral practices. Attendees will take away how their individual vulnerabilities have made them targets in the United States as well as overseas. They will share resources to assist the DD individuals and general population about Human Trafficking.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Discuss the risk factors and vulnerabilities for the DD population

·  Describe how our DD systems need to work together for positive outcomes of the victim

·  Explain the importance why the DD and Learning-Disabled population need to learn prevention

Labor trafficking across the United States is a serious and pervasive national problem that has remained largely unexamined. Media reports indicate that labor trafficking occurs in both rural and urban areas in the United States, targeting victims who are both U.S. citizens and immigrants of any gender, race, age, and sexual orientation. The ASU Office of Sex Trafficking Intervention Research examined labor trafficking arrest cases throughout the United States from 2011 to 2018. The study identified 180 traffickers arrested for labor trafficking of both migrants and U.S. citizens and 273 victims of labor trafficking during this time period. The research team focused on arrest cases for which there was evidence qualifying the incident as labor trafficking under the U.S. federal, Trafficking Victim Protection Act definition. The team used the three constituent elements of human trafficking (action, means, and purpose) to identify potential labor trafficking arrest reports in the media and governmental agencies. Details about the cases will be explored and characteristics such as transportation, recruitment, and control tactics will be presented. Recommendations for future research and community action will be discussed.

Presentation Objectives:

·  Provide information to develop specific training for law enforcement and prosecutors on characteristics of labor trafficking in the United States

·  Explore the distribution of arrests of labor traffickers of migrant and domestic workers in the United States,

·  Explore patterns of different types of labor traffickers of migrant and domestic workers (females, staffing agency-involved, solo vs. group offenders)

·  Add to the literature regarding the vulnerabilities of migrant and domestic workers exploited by labor trafficking

·  Fill a gap in the knowledge about the scope of arrests of labor traffickers of migrant and domestic workers in the United States